Running gear, axles, steering

Chapter overview

• Technical data
  1
• 1 Evaluating accident vehicles
  1
• 1.1 Check list for evaluating running gear on accident vehicles
  1
• 2 General information
  3
• 2.1 Tyre types
  3
• 3 Repair instructions
  4
• 3.1 General repair instructions
  4
• 3.2 Steering rack
  4
• 3.3 Gaskets and seals
  4
• 3.4 Nuts and bolts
  5
• 3.5 Electrical components
  5
• 3.6 Raising suspension to unladen position (vehicles with coil springs)
  6
• Front suspension
  15
• 1 Front axle
  15
• 1.1 Overview - front axle
  15
• 2 Subframe
  17
• 2.1 Assembly overview – subframe
  17
• 2.2 Assembly overview - anti-roll bar
  20
• 2.3 Removing and installing subframe without steering rack
  20
• 2.4 Removing and installing subframe with steering rack
  25
• 2.5 Repairing subframe
  32
• 2.6 Removing and installing anti-roll bar
  47
• 2.7 Repairing thread in longitudinal member
  54
• 2.8 Fixing subframe in position
  54
• 2.9 Lowering subframe
  56
• 3 Suspension strut, upper suspension link
  62
• 3.1 Assembly overview - suspension strut, upper suspension link
  62
• 3.2 Removing and installing suspension strut
  66
• 3.3 Repairing suspension strut
  84
• 4 Lower suspension link, swivel joint
  88
• 4.1 Assembly overview - lower suspension link, swivel joint
  88
• 4.2 Removing and installing lower suspension link
  90
• 4.3 Renewing mounting bracket with suspension link bush
  100
• 4.4 Checking swivel joint
  103
• 4.5 Removing and installing swivel joint
  103
• 4.6 Renewing bonded rubber bush for lower suspension link
  108
• 5 Wheel bearing
  112
• 5.1 Assembly overview – wheel bearing assembly
  112
• 5.2 Removing and installing wheel bearing housing
  114
• 5.3 Removing and installing wheel bearing unit
  120
• 6 Drive shaft
  123
• 6.1 Overview - drive shaft
  123
• 6.2 Assembly overview - drive shaft
  124
• 6.3 Removing and installing drive shaft
  131
• 6.4 Loosening and tightening threaded connections of drive shaft
  140
• 6.5 Removing and installing drive shaft heat shield
  144
• 6.6 Dismantling and assembling drive shaft
  146
• 6.7 Checking outer constant velocity joint
  165
• 6.8 Checking inner constant velocity joint
  166
• Rear suspension
  169
• 1 Rear axle
  169
• 1.1 Overview – rear axle
  169
• 1.2 Lowering rear axle
  173
• 1.3 Removing and installing rear axle
  180
• 1.4 Removing and installing shield for rear axle
  192
• 2 Subframe
  195
• 2.1 Assembly overview – subframe
  195
• 2.2 Assembly overview - add-on parts for subframe
  196
• 2.3 Fixing subframe in position
  197
• 2.4 Repairing subframe
  201
• 3 Anti-roll bar
  239
• 3.1 Assembly overview - anti-roll bar
  239
• 3.2 Removing and installing anti-roll bar
  240
• 4 Suspension link, track rod
  246
• 4.1 Assembly overview - transverse link
  246
• 4.2 Removing and installing upper transverse link
  252
• 4.3 Removing and installing lower transverse link
  257
• 4.4 Removing and installing track rod
  262
• 5 Suspension strut, shock absorber, spring
  270
• 5.1 Assembly overview - suspension strut, shock absorber, spring
  270
• 5.2 Removing and installing shock absorber
  278
• 5.3 Repairing shock absorber
  289
• 5.4 Removing and installing spring
  297
• 6 Wheel bearing assembly, trailing arm
  303
• 6.1 Assembly overview - wheel bearing, trailing arm
  303
• 6.2 Removing and installing wheel bearing housing
  308
• 6.3 Removing and installing wheel bearing unit
  317
• 6.4 Renewing bonded rubber bush for wheel bearing housing
  323
• 6.5 Removing and installing trailing arm with mounting bracket
  329
• 6.6 Repairing trailing arm
  339
• 7 Drive shaft
  345
• 7.1 Assembly overview – drive shaft
  345
• 7.2 Removing and installing drive shaft
  347
• 7.3 Loosening and tightening threaded connections of drive shaft
  351
• 7.4 Dismantling and assembling drive shaft
  355
• 7.5 Checking inner constant velocity joint
  360
• Self-levelling suspension
  363
• 1 Electronically controlled damping system
  363
• 1.1 Overview of fitting locations - electronically controlled damping system
  363
• 1.2 Cable routing - front axle
  365
• 1.3 Cable routing - rear axle
  367
• 1.4 Removing and installing electronically controlled damping control unit
  368
• 1.5 Re-adapting reference position (default position)
  369
• 1.6 Removing and installing front body acceleration senders
  369
• 1.7 Removing and installing rear body acceleration sender
  372
• 1.8 Removing and installing bracket for body acceleration sender
  375
• 1.9 Shock absorber damping adjustment button
  378
• 2 Vehicle level sender
  380
• 2.1 Assembly overview - front vehicle level senders
  380
• 2.2 Assembly overview - rear vehicle level senders
  381
• 2.3 Removing and installing front vehicle level senders
  385
• 2.4 Removing and installing rear vehicle level sender
  387
• Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
  392
• 1 Wheels, tyres
  392
• 1.1 Specified torques for wheel bolts
  392
• 1.2 Tyres with run-flat properties
  392
• 1.3 Pressing tyre off wheel rim
  394
• 1.4 Removing tyre from wheel
  395
• 1.5 Fitting tyre
  396
• 1.6 Wheel change
  397
• 1.7 Tyre sealant
  401
• 1.8 Tyre sealant disposal
  402
• 1.9 Models with breakdown set
  402
• 2 Tyre Pressure Monitoring System
  403
• 2.1 Overview of fitting locations - Tyre Pressure Monitoring System
  403
• 2.2 System description - Tyre Pressure Monitoring System
  404
• 2.3 Assembly overview - tyre pressure sensor
  407
• 2.4 Removing and installing tyre pressure monitor control unit
  410
• 2.5 Removing and installing bracket for tyre pressure monitor control unit
  410
• 2.6 Removing and installing tyre pressure sensor
  411
• 2.7 Changing tyres on vehicles with tyre pressure monitoring system
  418
• 2.8 Removing and installing metal valve body
  422
• 3 Wheel alignment
  425
• 3.1 Notes for wheel alignment
  425
• 3.2 Necessity of wheel alignment
  425
• 3.3 Conditions for testing
  426
• 3.4 Test preparations
  427
• 3.5 Specifications for wheel alignment
  428
• 3.6 Wheel alignment procedure
  431
• 3.7 Adjusting camber at front wheels
  432
• 3.8 Adjusting camber on rear axle
  433
• 3.9 Adjusting toe at rear axle
  435
• 3.10 Adjusting front axle toe
  436
• 3.11 Vehicle data sticker
  438
• 3.12 Steering angle sender - basic setting
  438
• 4 Vibration due to wheels/tyres - causes and rectification
  439
• 4.1 Causes of rough running
  439
• 4.2 Conducting a road test before balancing wheels
  439
• 4.3 Balancing wheel
  440
• 4.4 Vibration control system
  443
• 4.5 Checking radial and lateral runout of wheels and tyres
  444
• 4.6 Checking radial and lateral run-out on wheel rim
  446
• 4.7 Matching wheels and tyres
  447
• 4.8 Determining flat spots on tyres
  448
• 5 Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)
  450
• 5.1 Calibrating ACC
  450
• 6 Front camera for assist systems
  457
• 6.1 Calibrating front camera for assist systems
  457
• Steering
  466
• 1 Steering wheel
  466
• 1.1 Assembly overview – steering wheel
  466
• 1.2 Removing and installing steering wheel
  466
• 2 Steering column
  469
• 2.1 Assembly overview – steering column
  469
• 2.2 Removing and installing steering column
  471
• 2.3 Handling and transporting steering column
  488
• 2.4 Checking steering column for damage
  490
• 2.5 Removing and installing ESL control unit
  490
• 3 Steering rack
  493
• 3.1 Assembly overview – steering rack
  493
• 3.2 Removing and installing steering rack
  497
• 3.3 Repairing steering rack
  514
• 3.4 Removing and installing track rod
  519
• 3.5 Removing and installing track rod ball joint
  524
• 3.6 Removing and installing boot
  525